The short version of AOD-9604 fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-02-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Laboratory studies have reported that AOD9604 can increase lipolysis and reduce lipid accumulation in fat cells. The precise molecular target remains uncertain, and the compound does not appear to activate the growth hormone receptor in the same way as full-length hGH. Proposed mechanisms include effects on beta-adrenergic signaling and enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, but these pathways are not firmly established. Because most evidence comes from cell and animal models, whether the same effects occur in humans is an open question.
Clinical development of AOD9604 included trials in people with obesity, but the results did not lead to approval as a prescription medicine in major markets. Interest later shifted to research settings and to unapproved products marketed for body composition. Regulatory agencies have questioned whether the peptide qualifies as a dietary ingredient, and some have issued warnings about its presence in supplements. Long-term human safety data are limited, and questions about efficacy, dosing, and target populations remain unresolved.
AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide modeled on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. It corresponds to a short sequence near the end of the 191-amino-acid hormone, often described as residues 176–191 or a related fragment. Researchers designed it to separate metabolic effects from the growth-promoting actions of full-length growth hormone. Early work in the 1990s explored it as a candidate for weight and lipid disorders. It is not a naturally circulating hormone fragment produced in large amounts.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide that corresponds to a short section of human growth hormone. It is commonly identified as hGH fragment 176-191 because its sequence matches residues at the C-terminal end of the hormone. The molecule contains sixteen amino acids and is made by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Researchers study it for metabolic effects rather than for the growth-promoting actions associated with full human growth hormone. Its small size distinguishes it from the complete 191-amino-acid hormone.
Several names appear in scientific and commercial settings. AOD9604 and AOD-9604 are development codes used interchangeably, while hGH fragment 176-191 describes the same region. The peptide includes a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues, which helps shape its three-dimensional structure. Different suppliers may provide acetate or other salt forms, and purity can vary. These differences matter because analytical tests and biological assays can respond to the specific form being studied.
Early interest in AOD-9604 centered on whether a fragment of human growth hormone could influence fat metabolism without the broader effects of the full hormone. Cell and animal studies reported changes in fat storage and breakdown. Human trials followed, but the results were not strong enough to secure regulatory approval. The compound remains available for laboratory research, and its clinical potential is still described as uncertain. Studies continue to examine its activity and safety profile.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Derived from C-terminal region of human growth hormone |
| Approximate molecular mass | About 1.8 kDa | Varies with sequence length and counterions |
| Confirmed receptor target | None established | No confirmed growth hormone receptor agonism |
| Reported in vitro activity | Lipolysis stimulation and lipogenesis inhibition | Observed mainly in adipocyte models; human relevance uncertain |
| Regulatory status | Not approved as a drug in major markets | May be treated differently across jurisdictions; not a recognized dietary ingredient in some countries |
=== Non-canonical consensus motif === As a first non-canonical consensus motif targeted by CK1δ the so-called SLS motif (Ser-Leu-Ser) has been described, which can be found in β-catenin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). In several sulfatide and cholesterol-3-sulfate (SCS)-binding proteins the consensus motif Lys/Arg-X-Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser/Thr has been identified and phosphorylation of this motif has been demonstrated for myelin basic protein (MBP), the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), and tau.
== Overview == The series focuses on Olivia Pope and her crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates, and its staff, as well as staff at the White House in Washington D.C. as political scandals occur and they must try to deal with them.
February 15: Law on the repression of abortion, considered a crime against the interests of the state. August 6: Law amending article 344 of the Penal Code, concerning, among other things, inciting a minor to debauchery, as well as certain acts during consensual homosexual relations between a minor and an adult (but not in the case of similar acts within heterosexual relations). September 12: Law on women's work, again allowing the hiring of married women in the administration (suspending the previous law on the subject). September 22: Law on the effects of marriage regarding the rights and duties of spouses. December 16: Law on maternity and early childhood protection. December 23: Law aiming to "protect the dignity of the household from which the husband is absent due to wartime circumstances." 1943
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The Gjyshata of Gjirokastra (headquarters: tekke of Asim Bab): the regions of Gjirokastra, Saranda and Tepelena. The Gjyshata of Korça (headquarters: tekke of Turan): the regions of Korça, Devoll, Pogradec and Kolonja, including Leskovik. The Gjyshata of Kruja (headquarters: tekke of Fushë Kruj): the regions of Kruja, Kurbin, Bulqiza, Dibra, Mat, Shkodra and Durrës. The Gjyshata of Elbasan (headquarters: tekke of Baba Xhefai): the regions of Elbasan, Gramsh, Peqin, Lushnja, Kavaja, and Librazhd, including Përrenjas. The Gjyshata of Vlora (headquarters: tekke of Kusum Bab): the regions of Vlora, Mallakastra, Fier, including Patos and Roskovec. The Gjyshata of Berat (headquarters: tekke of Prisht): the regions of Berat, Skrapar and Përmet. During the 1930s, the six gjyshata of Albania set up by Sali Njazi were:
== Notable people == Neal Asher, science fiction writer, born in Billericay Francis Thomas Bacon, engineer, born in Billericay Lee Barnard, footballer, went to school in Billericay Peter Bone, politician, born in Billericay Louise Boyce, model and writer, born in Billericay Nick Cater, author and journalist in Australia, born in Billericay Daniel Corbett, TV weather forecaster, lived in Billericay as a child Robert Denmark, middle- and long-distance athlete Justin Edinburgh, footballer, lived in Billericay, played for Tottenham Hotspur; played for and managed Billericay Town Lee Evans, comedian, went to school and lives in Billericay Mark Foster, swimmer, born in Billericay David Gandy, model, born and went to school in Billericay Wrey Gardiner, poet, editor and publisher, founded The Grey Walls Press in Billericay Teresa Gorman, politician, the constituency's high-profile former MP Lee Harrison, footballer, born in Billericay Chris Haywood, actor/producer, born in Billericay David Hopwood, banker, born in Billericay Ralph Izzard, journalist, born in Billericay Marshall Jefferson, music producer, lived in Billericay Perry McCarthy, racing driver Suzanne Maddock, actor, lives in Billericay Christopher Martin, Mayflower pilgrim, lived in Billericay Alison Moyet, pop singer, born in Billericay Richard Osman, TV producer and personality ("Pointless Friend" on BBC show Pointless), born in Billericay Kevin Painter, darts player, born in Billericay Paul Parker, was raised in Billericay and lived there when he became a professional footballer.
=== Cell death === A cancer cell can die in three ways: apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Excessive ROS can induce apoptosis through both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, ROS are generated by Fas ligand as an upstream event for Fas activation via phosphorylation, which is necessary for subsequent recruitment of Fas-associated protein with death domain and caspase 8 as well as apoptosis induction. In the intrinsic pathway, ROS function to facilitate cytochrome c release by activating pore-stabilizing proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) as well as inhibiting pore-destabilizing proteins (Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer). The intrinsic pathway is also known as the caspase cascade and is induced through mitochondrial damage which triggers the release of cytochrome c. DNA damage, oxidative stress, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential lead to the release of the pro-apoptotic proteins mentioned above stimulating apoptosis. Mitochondrial damage is closely linked to apoptosis and since mitochondria are easily targeted there is potential for cancer therapy. The cytotoxic nature of ROS is a driving force behind apoptosis, but in even higher amounts, ROS can result in both apoptosis and necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death, in cancer cells. Numerous studies have shown the pathways and associations between ROS levels and apoptosis, but a newer line of study has connected ROS levels and autophagy.
Cocaine can induce tolerance after a single dose, and repeated use frequently leads to the development of addiction and prolonged craving. Assessment tools like the Obsessive Compulsive Cocaine Use Scale (OCCUS) may be employed to quantify obsessive and compulsive thoughts related to cocaine consumption. Withdrawal symptoms include disrupted sleep, irritability, depression, and reduced ability to experience pleasure (anhedonia). Chronic nasal use may cause destructive damage to the nasal septum, including cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL). Illicit cocaine is frequently adulterated with substances such as fentanyl, levamisole, or local anesthetics, increasing its toxicity. Concurrent use with alcohol produces cocaethylene, a metabolite that significantly increases the risk of sudden death. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, cocaine use is responsible for approximately 7,300 deaths annually. Cocaine abuse can trigger addiction-related structural neuroplasticity in the human brain, although the permanence of such changes remains uncertain. Family history is a known risk factor, as relatives of cocaine users have an increased likelihood of developing cocaine addiction. A key mechanism involves the overexpression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, altering transcriptional regulation and reinforcing drug-seeking behavior. Each dose of cocaine raises ΔFosB levels without a known saturation point.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide based on a C-terminal segment of human growth hormone. It is manufactured by chemical peptide synthesis rather than extracted from human tissue. The sequence is often described as hGH fragment 176–191 or a close variant.
It is not approved as a prescription drug in the United States or the European Union for any indication. Regulatory status can differ by country, and it is often sold as a research chemical or in unapproved products. Such products are not equivalent to an approved medicine.
In the studies reported so far, AOD9604 does not appear to act through the growth hormone receptor and has not shown the typical IGF-1 increase caused by full-length hGH. Human data are limited, so this remains an area of uncertainty. It should not be assumed to have the same effects as hGH.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone. It corresponds to the C-terminal region known as hGH 176-191 and is studied for metabolic effects. It is not an approved therapeutic drug.